Mount Bromo (Indonesian: Gunung Bromo), is an active volcano
and part of the Tengger massif, in East Java, Indonesia. At
2,329 metres (7,641 ft) it is not the highest peak of the
massif, but is the most well known. The massif area is one
of the most visited tourist attractions in East Java,
Indonesia. The volcano belongs to the Bromo Tengger Semeru
National Park. The name of Bromo derived from Javanese
pronunciation of Brahma, the Hindu creator god.
Mount Bromo sits in the middle of a vast plain called the
"Sea of Sand" (Javanese: Segara Wedi or Indonesian: Lautan
Pasir), a protected nature reserve since 1919. The typical
way to visit Mount Bromo is from the nearby mountain village
of Cemoro Lawang. From there it is possible to walk to the
volcano in about 45 minutes, but it is also possible to take
an organised jeep tour, which includes a stop at the
viewpoint on Mount Penanjakan (2,770 m or 9,088 ft)
(Indonesian: Gunung Penanjakan). The best views from Mount
Bromo to the Sand Sea below and the surrounding volcanoes
are at sunrise. The viewpoint on Mount Penanjakan can also
be reached on foot in about two hours. From inside the
caldera, sulfur is collected by workers.
On the fourteenth day of the Hindu festival of Yadnya
Kasada, the Tenggerese people of Probolinggo, East Java,
travel up the mountain in order to make offerings of fruit,
rice, vegetables, flowers and sacrifices of livestock to the
mountain gods by throwing them into the caldera of the
volcano. The origin of the ritual lies in the 15th century
legend where a princess named Roro Anteng started the
principality of Tengger with her husband, Joko Seger. The
couple were childless and therefore beseeched the assistance
of the mountain gods. The gods granted them 24 children but
stipulated that the 25th child, named Kesuma, must be thrown
into the volcano as human sacrifice. The gods' request was
implemented. The tradition of throwing sacrifices into the
volcano to appease these ancient deities continues today and
called Yadnya Kasada ceremony. Though fraught with danger,
some locals risk climbing down into the crater in an attempt
to recollect the sacrificed goods that believed could bring
them good luck.
On the Segara Wedi sand plain sits a Hindu temple called
Pura Luhur Poten. The temple holds a significant importance
to the Tenggerese scatter across the mountainous villages
such as Ngadisari, Wonokitri, Ngadas, Argosari, Ranu Prani,
Ledok Ombo and Wonokerso. The temple organized annual Yadnya
Kasada ceremony which lasts for about one month. On the 14th
day, the Tenggerese will congregate at Pura Luhur Poten to
ask for blessings from Ida Sang Hyang Widi Wasa and God of
Mahameru (Mount Semeru). Then the mass will proceed along
the crater edges of Mt Bromo where offerings will be thrown
into the crater. The major difference between this temple
with the Balinese ones are the type of stones and building
materials. Pura Luhur Poten uses natural black stones from
volcanoes nearby, while Balinese temples mostly made from
red bricks. Inside this pura, there are several buildings
and enclosures aligned in Mandala zone composition
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